► 代码示例 / 音频数据 / 基于 MelGAN 使用特征匹配的频谱反演

基于 MelGAN 使用特征匹配的频谱反演

作者： Darshan Deshpande
创建日期 02/09/2021
最后修改 15/09/2021

ⓘ 此示例使用 Keras 2

描述： 使用 MelGAN 架构和特征匹配从梅尔频谱图反演音频。

引言

自回归声码器在语音处理的大部分历史中一直普遍存在，但在它们存在的大部分时间里都缺乏并行性。MelGAN 是一种非自回归的全卷积声码器架构，用于各种目的，从频谱反演和语音增强到现今最先进的语音合成，当与 Tacotron2 或 FastSpeech 等将文本转换为梅尔频谱图的模型用作解码器时。

在本教程中，我们将了解 MelGAN 架构以及它如何实现快速频谱反演，即从频谱图到音频波形的转换。本教程中实现的 MelGAN 与原始实现类似，唯一的区别在于卷积的填充方法，我们将使用“same”而不是反射填充。

导入和定义超参数

!pip install -qqq tensorflow_addons
!pip install -qqq tensorflow-io

import tensorflow as tf
import tensorflow_io as tfio
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers
from tensorflow_addons import layers as addon_layers

# Setting logger level to avoid input shape warnings
tf.get_logger().setLevel("ERROR")

# Defining hyperparameters

DESIRED_SAMPLES = 8192
LEARNING_RATE_GEN = 1e-5
LEARNING_RATE_DISC = 1e-6
BATCH_SIZE = 16

mse = keras.losses.MeanSquaredError()
mae = keras.losses.MeanAbsoluteError()

|████████████████████████████████| 1.1 MB 5.1 MB/s 
|████████████████████████████████| 22.7 MB 1.7 MB/s 
|████████████████████████████████| 2.1 MB 36.2 MB/s

加载数据集

此示例使用 LJSpeech 数据集。

LJSpeech 数据集主要用于文本转语音，包含来自 7 本非小说书籍的 13,100 个离散语音样本，总时长约 24 小时。MelGAN 训练仅涉及音频波形，因此我们只处理 WAV 文件并忽略音频注释。

!wget https://data.keithito.com/data/speech/LJSpeech-1.1.tar.bz2
!tar -xf /content/LJSpeech-1.1.tar.bz2

--2021-09-16 11:45:24--  https://data.keithito.com/data/speech/LJSpeech-1.1.tar.bz2
Resolving data.keithito.com (data.keithito.com)... 174.138.79.61
Connecting to data.keithito.com (data.keithito.com)|174.138.79.61|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 2748572632 (2.6G) [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: ‘LJSpeech-1.1.tar.bz2’

LJSpeech-1.1.tar.bz 100%[===================>]   2.56G  68.3MB/s    in 36s

2021-09-16 11:46:01 (72.2 MB/s) - ‘LJSpeech-1.1.tar.bz2’ saved [2748572632/2748572632]

我们创建一个 tf.data.Dataset 来动态加载和处理音频文件。preprocess() 函数将文件路径作为输入，并返回两个波形实例，一个用于输入，另一个作为地面真实值用于比较。输入波形将使用自定义的 MelSpec 层映射到频谱图，如下所示。

# Splitting the dataset into training and testing splits
wavs = tf.io.gfile.glob("LJSpeech-1.1/wavs/*.wav")
print(f"Number of audio files: {len(wavs)}")

# Mapper function for loading the audio. This function returns two instances of the wave
def preprocess(filename):
    audio = tf.audio.decode_wav(tf.io.read_file(filename), 1, DESIRED_SAMPLES).audio
    return audio, audio


# Create tf.data.Dataset objects and apply preprocessing
train_dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((wavs,))
train_dataset = train_dataset.map(preprocess, num_parallel_calls=tf.data.AUTOTUNE)

Number of audio files: 13100

定义 MelGAN 的自定义层

MelGAN 架构由 3 个主要模块组成

残差块
膨胀卷积块
判别器块

MelGAN

由于网络接收梅尔频谱图作为输入，我们将创建一个额外的自定义层，该层可以动态地将原始音频波形转换为频谱图。我们使用来自 train_dataset 的原始音频张量，并使用下面的 MelSpec 层将其映射到梅尔频谱图。

# Custom keras layer for on-the-fly audio to spectrogram conversion


class MelSpec(layers.Layer):
    def __init__(
        self,
        frame_length=1024,
        frame_step=256,
        fft_length=None,
        sampling_rate=22050,
        num_mel_channels=80,
        freq_min=125,
        freq_max=7600,
        **kwargs,
    ):
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self.frame_length = frame_length
        self.frame_step = frame_step
        self.fft_length = fft_length
        self.sampling_rate = sampling_rate
        self.num_mel_channels = num_mel_channels
        self.freq_min = freq_min
        self.freq_max = freq_max
        # Defining mel filter. This filter will be multiplied with the STFT output
        self.mel_filterbank = tf.signal.linear_to_mel_weight_matrix(
            num_mel_bins=self.num_mel_channels,
            num_spectrogram_bins=self.frame_length // 2 + 1,
            sample_rate=self.sampling_rate,
            lower_edge_hertz=self.freq_min,
            upper_edge_hertz=self.freq_max,
        )

    def call(self, audio, training=True):
        # We will only perform the transformation during training.
        if training:
            # Taking the Short Time Fourier Transform. Ensure that the audio is padded.
            # In the paper, the STFT output is padded using the 'REFLECT' strategy.
            stft = tf.signal.stft(
                tf.squeeze(audio, -1),
                self.frame_length,
                self.frame_step,
                self.fft_length,
                pad_end=True,
            )

            # Taking the magnitude of the STFT output
            magnitude = tf.abs(stft)

            # Multiplying the Mel-filterbank with the magnitude and scaling it using the db scale
            mel = tf.matmul(tf.square(magnitude), self.mel_filterbank)
            log_mel_spec = tfio.audio.dbscale(mel, top_db=80)
            return log_mel_spec
        else:
            return audio

    def get_config(self):
        config = super().get_config()
        config.update(
            {
                "frame_length": self.frame_length,
                "frame_step": self.frame_step,
                "fft_length": self.fft_length,
                "sampling_rate": self.sampling_rate,
                "num_mel_channels": self.num_mel_channels,
                "freq_min": self.freq_min,
                "freq_max": self.freq_max,
            }
        )
        return config

残差卷积块广泛使用膨胀，每个块的总感受野为 27 个时间步。膨胀必须随着 kernel_size 的幂次增长，以确保减少输出中的嘶嘶声。论文提出的网络结构如下

ConvBlock

# Creating the residual stack block


def residual_stack(input, filters):
    """Convolutional residual stack with weight normalization.

    Args:
        filters: int, determines filter size for the residual stack.

    Returns:
        Residual stack output.
    """
    c1 = addon_layers.WeightNormalization(
        layers.Conv1D(filters, 3, dilation_rate=1, padding="same"), data_init=False
    )(input)
    lrelu1 = layers.LeakyReLU()(c1)
    c2 = addon_layers.WeightNormalization(
        layers.Conv1D(filters, 3, dilation_rate=1, padding="same"), data_init=False
    )(lrelu1)
    add1 = layers.Add()([c2, input])

    lrelu2 = layers.LeakyReLU()(add1)
    c3 = addon_layers.WeightNormalization(
        layers.Conv1D(filters, 3, dilation_rate=3, padding="same"), data_init=False
    )(lrelu2)
    lrelu3 = layers.LeakyReLU()(c3)
    c4 = addon_layers.WeightNormalization(
        layers.Conv1D(filters, 3, dilation_rate=1, padding="same"), data_init=False
    )(lrelu3)
    add2 = layers.Add()([add1, c4])

    lrelu4 = layers.LeakyReLU()(add2)
    c5 = addon_layers.WeightNormalization(
        layers.Conv1D(filters, 3, dilation_rate=9, padding="same"), data_init=False
    )(lrelu4)
    lrelu5 = layers.LeakyReLU()(c5)
    c6 = addon_layers.WeightNormalization(
        layers.Conv1D(filters, 3, dilation_rate=1, padding="same"), data_init=False
    )(lrelu5)
    add3 = layers.Add()([c6, add2])

    return add3

每个卷积块使用残差堆栈提供的膨胀，并通过 upsampling_factor 对输入数据进行上采样。

# Dilated convolutional block consisting of the Residual stack


def conv_block(input, conv_dim, upsampling_factor):
    """Dilated Convolutional Block with weight normalization.

    Args:
        conv_dim: int, determines filter size for the block.
        upsampling_factor: int, scale for upsampling.

    Returns:
        Dilated convolution block.
    """
    conv_t = addon_layers.WeightNormalization(
        layers.Conv1DTranspose(conv_dim, 16, upsampling_factor, padding="same"),
        data_init=False,
    )(input)
    lrelu1 = layers.LeakyReLU()(conv_t)
    res_stack = residual_stack(lrelu1, conv_dim)
    lrelu2 = layers.LeakyReLU()(res_stack)
    return lrelu2

判别器块由卷积层和下采样层组成。此块对于实现特征匹配技术至关重要。

每个判别器输出一个特征图列表，这些特征图将在训练期间进行比较，以计算特征匹配损失。

def discriminator_block(input):
    conv1 = addon_layers.WeightNormalization(
        layers.Conv1D(16, 15, 1, "same"), data_init=False
    )(input)
    lrelu1 = layers.LeakyReLU()(conv1)
    conv2 = addon_layers.WeightNormalization(
        layers.Conv1D(64, 41, 4, "same", groups=4), data_init=False
    )(lrelu1)
    lrelu2 = layers.LeakyReLU()(conv2)
    conv3 = addon_layers.WeightNormalization(
        layers.Conv1D(256, 41, 4, "same", groups=16), data_init=False
    )(lrelu2)
    lrelu3 = layers.LeakyReLU()(conv3)
    conv4 = addon_layers.WeightNormalization(
        layers.Conv1D(1024, 41, 4, "same", groups=64), data_init=False
    )(lrelu3)
    lrelu4 = layers.LeakyReLU()(conv4)
    conv5 = addon_layers.WeightNormalization(
        layers.Conv1D(1024, 41, 4, "same", groups=256), data_init=False
    )(lrelu4)
    lrelu5 = layers.LeakyReLU()(conv5)
    conv6 = addon_layers.WeightNormalization(
        layers.Conv1D(1024, 5, 1, "same"), data_init=False
    )(lrelu5)
    lrelu6 = layers.LeakyReLU()(conv6)
    conv7 = addon_layers.WeightNormalization(
        layers.Conv1D(1, 3, 1, "same"), data_init=False
    )(lrelu6)
    return [lrelu1, lrelu2, lrelu3, lrelu4, lrelu5, lrelu6, conv7]

创建生成器

def create_generator(input_shape):
    inp = keras.Input(input_shape)
    x = MelSpec()(inp)
    x = layers.Conv1D(512, 7, padding="same")(x)
    x = layers.LeakyReLU()(x)
    x = conv_block(x, 256, 8)
    x = conv_block(x, 128, 8)
    x = conv_block(x, 64, 2)
    x = conv_block(x, 32, 2)
    x = addon_layers.WeightNormalization(
        layers.Conv1D(1, 7, padding="same", activation="tanh")
    )(x)
    return keras.Model(inp, x)


# We use a dynamic input shape for the generator since the model is fully convolutional
generator = create_generator((None, 1))
generator.summary()

Model: "model"
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                    Output Shape         Param #     Connected to                     
==================================================================================================
input_1 (InputLayer)            [(None, None, 1)]    0                                            
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
mel_spec (MelSpec)              (None, None, 80)     0           input_1[0][0]                    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
conv1d (Conv1D)                 (None, None, 512)    287232      mel_spec[0][0]                   
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu (LeakyReLU)         (None, None, 512)    0           conv1d[0][0]                     
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization (WeightNor (None, None, 256)    2097921     leaky_re_lu[0][0]                
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_1 (LeakyReLU)       (None, None, 256)    0           weight_normalization[0][0]       
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_1 (WeightN (None, None, 256)    197121      leaky_re_lu_1[0][0]              
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_2 (LeakyReLU)       (None, None, 256)    0           weight_normalization_1[0][0]     
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_2 (WeightN (None, None, 256)    197121      leaky_re_lu_2[0][0]              
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
add (Add)                       (None, None, 256)    0           weight_normalization_2[0][0]     
                                                                 leaky_re_lu_1[0][0]              
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_3 (LeakyReLU)       (None, None, 256)    0           add[0][0]                        
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_3 (WeightN (None, None, 256)    197121      leaky_re_lu_3[0][0]              
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_4 (LeakyReLU)       (None, None, 256)    0           weight_normalization_3[0][0]     
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_4 (WeightN (None, None, 256)    197121      leaky_re_lu_4[0][0]              
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
add_1 (Add)                     (None, None, 256)    0           add[0][0]                        
                                                                 weight_normalization_4[0][0]     
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_5 (LeakyReLU)       (None, None, 256)    0           add_1[0][0]                      
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_5 (WeightN (None, None, 256)    197121      leaky_re_lu_5[0][0]              
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_6 (LeakyReLU)       (None, None, 256)    0           weight_normalization_5[0][0]     
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_6 (WeightN (None, None, 256)    197121      leaky_re_lu_6[0][0]              
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
add_2 (Add)                     (None, None, 256)    0           weight_normalization_6[0][0]     
                                                                 add_1[0][0]                      
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_7 (LeakyReLU)       (None, None, 256)    0           add_2[0][0]                      
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_7 (WeightN (None, None, 128)    524673      leaky_re_lu_7[0][0]              
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_8 (LeakyReLU)       (None, None, 128)    0           weight_normalization_7[0][0]     
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_8 (WeightN (None, None, 128)    49409       leaky_re_lu_8[0][0]              
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_9 (LeakyReLU)       (None, None, 128)    0           weight_normalization_8[0][0]     
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_9 (WeightN (None, None, 128)    49409       leaky_re_lu_9[0][0]              
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
add_3 (Add)                     (None, None, 128)    0           weight_normalization_9[0][0]     
                                                                 leaky_re_lu_8[0][0]              
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_10 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 128)    0           add_3[0][0]                      
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_10 (Weight (None, None, 128)    49409       leaky_re_lu_10[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_11 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 128)    0           weight_normalization_10[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_11 (Weight (None, None, 128)    49409       leaky_re_lu_11[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
add_4 (Add)                     (None, None, 128)    0           add_3[0][0]                      
                                                                 weight_normalization_11[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_12 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 128)    0           add_4[0][0]                      
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_12 (Weight (None, None, 128)    49409       leaky_re_lu_12[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_13 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 128)    0           weight_normalization_12[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_13 (Weight (None, None, 128)    49409       leaky_re_lu_13[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
add_5 (Add)                     (None, None, 128)    0           weight_normalization_13[0][0]    
                                                                 add_4[0][0]                      
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_14 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 128)    0           add_5[0][0]                      
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_14 (Weight (None, None, 64)     131265      leaky_re_lu_14[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_15 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 64)     0           weight_normalization_14[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_15 (Weight (None, None, 64)     12417       leaky_re_lu_15[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_16 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 64)     0           weight_normalization_15[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_16 (Weight (None, None, 64)     12417       leaky_re_lu_16[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
add_6 (Add)                     (None, None, 64)     0           weight_normalization_16[0][0]    
                                                                 leaky_re_lu_15[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_17 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 64)     0           add_6[0][0]                      
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_17 (Weight (None, None, 64)     12417       leaky_re_lu_17[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_18 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 64)     0           weight_normalization_17[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_18 (Weight (None, None, 64)     12417       leaky_re_lu_18[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
add_7 (Add)                     (None, None, 64)     0           add_6[0][0]                      
                                                                 weight_normalization_18[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_19 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 64)     0           add_7[0][0]                      
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_19 (Weight (None, None, 64)     12417       leaky_re_lu_19[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_20 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 64)     0           weight_normalization_19[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_20 (Weight (None, None, 64)     12417       leaky_re_lu_20[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
add_8 (Add)                     (None, None, 64)     0           weight_normalization_20[0][0]    
                                                                 add_7[0][0]                      
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_21 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 64)     0           add_8[0][0]                      
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_21 (Weight (None, None, 32)     32865       leaky_re_lu_21[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_22 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 32)     0           weight_normalization_21[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_22 (Weight (None, None, 32)     3137        leaky_re_lu_22[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_23 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 32)     0           weight_normalization_22[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_23 (Weight (None, None, 32)     3137        leaky_re_lu_23[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
add_9 (Add)                     (None, None, 32)     0           weight_normalization_23[0][0]    
                                                                 leaky_re_lu_22[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_24 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 32)     0           add_9[0][0]                      
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_24 (Weight (None, None, 32)     3137        leaky_re_lu_24[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_25 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 32)     0           weight_normalization_24[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_25 (Weight (None, None, 32)     3137        leaky_re_lu_25[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
add_10 (Add)                    (None, None, 32)     0           add_9[0][0]                      
                                                                 weight_normalization_25[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_26 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 32)     0           add_10[0][0]                     
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_26 (Weight (None, None, 32)     3137        leaky_re_lu_26[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_27 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 32)     0           weight_normalization_26[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_27 (Weight (None, None, 32)     3137        leaky_re_lu_27[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
add_11 (Add)                    (None, None, 32)     0           weight_normalization_27[0][0]    
                                                                 add_10[0][0]                     
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_28 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 32)     0           add_11[0][0]                     
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_28 (Weight (None, None, 1)      452         leaky_re_lu_28[0][0]             
==================================================================================================
Total params: 4,646,912
Trainable params: 4,646,658
Non-trainable params: 254
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

创建判别器

def create_discriminator(input_shape):
    inp = keras.Input(input_shape)
    out_map1 = discriminator_block(inp)
    pool1 = layers.AveragePooling1D()(inp)
    out_map2 = discriminator_block(pool1)
    pool2 = layers.AveragePooling1D()(pool1)
    out_map3 = discriminator_block(pool2)
    return keras.Model(inp, [out_map1, out_map2, out_map3])


# We use a dynamic input shape for the discriminator
# This is done because the input shape for the generator is unknown
discriminator = create_discriminator((None, 1))

discriminator.summary()

Model: "model_1"
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                    Output Shape         Param #     Connected to                     
==================================================================================================
input_2 (InputLayer)            [(None, None, 1)]    0                                            
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
average_pooling1d (AveragePooli (None, None, 1)      0           input_2[0][0]                    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
average_pooling1d_1 (AveragePoo (None, None, 1)      0           average_pooling1d[0][0]          
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_29 (Weight (None, None, 16)     273         input_2[0][0]                    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_36 (Weight (None, None, 16)     273         average_pooling1d[0][0]          
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_43 (Weight (None, None, 16)     273         average_pooling1d_1[0][0]        
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_29 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 16)     0           weight_normalization_29[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_35 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 16)     0           weight_normalization_36[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_41 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 16)     0           weight_normalization_43[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_30 (Weight (None, None, 64)     10625       leaky_re_lu_29[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_37 (Weight (None, None, 64)     10625       leaky_re_lu_35[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_44 (Weight (None, None, 64)     10625       leaky_re_lu_41[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_30 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 64)     0           weight_normalization_30[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_36 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 64)     0           weight_normalization_37[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_42 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 64)     0           weight_normalization_44[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_31 (Weight (None, None, 256)    42497       leaky_re_lu_30[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_38 (Weight (None, None, 256)    42497       leaky_re_lu_36[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_45 (Weight (None, None, 256)    42497       leaky_re_lu_42[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_31 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 256)    0           weight_normalization_31[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_37 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 256)    0           weight_normalization_38[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_43 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 256)    0           weight_normalization_45[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_32 (Weight (None, None, 1024)   169985      leaky_re_lu_31[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_39 (Weight (None, None, 1024)   169985      leaky_re_lu_37[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_46 (Weight (None, None, 1024)   169985      leaky_re_lu_43[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_32 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 1024)   0           weight_normalization_32[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_38 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 1024)   0           weight_normalization_39[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_44 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 1024)   0           weight_normalization_46[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_33 (Weight (None, None, 1024)   169985      leaky_re_lu_32[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_40 (Weight (None, None, 1024)   169985      leaky_re_lu_38[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_47 (Weight (None, None, 1024)   169985      leaky_re_lu_44[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_33 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 1024)   0           weight_normalization_33[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_39 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 1024)   0           weight_normalization_40[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_45 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 1024)   0           weight_normalization_47[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_34 (Weight (None, None, 1024)   5244929     leaky_re_lu_33[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_41 (Weight (None, None, 1024)   5244929     leaky_re_lu_39[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_48 (Weight (None, None, 1024)   5244929     leaky_re_lu_45[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_34 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 1024)   0           weight_normalization_34[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_40 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 1024)   0           weight_normalization_41[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
leaky_re_lu_46 (LeakyReLU)      (None, None, 1024)   0           weight_normalization_48[0][0]    
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_35 (Weight (None, None, 1)      3075        leaky_re_lu_34[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_42 (Weight (None, None, 1)      3075        leaky_re_lu_40[0][0]             
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
weight_normalization_49 (Weight (None, None, 1)      3075        leaky_re_lu_46[0][0]             
==================================================================================================
Total params: 16,924,107
Trainable params: 16,924,086
Non-trainable params: 21
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

定义损失函数

生成器损失

生成器架构结合使用了两种损失

均方误差

这是标准的 MSE 生成器损失，在全为 1 的张量和判别器 N 层输出之间计算。

特征匹配损失

此损失涉及从判别器中提取生成器和地面真实值的每一层输出，并使用平均绝对误差比较每个层输出 k。

判别器损失

判别器使用平均绝对误差，并比较真实数据的预测（与全 1 的张量比较）和生成数据的预测（与全 0 的张量比较）。

# Generator loss


def generator_loss(real_pred, fake_pred):
    """Loss function for the generator.

    Args:
        real_pred: Tensor, output of the ground truth wave passed through the discriminator.
        fake_pred: Tensor, output of the generator prediction passed through the discriminator.

    Returns:
        Loss for the generator.
    """
    gen_loss = []
    for i in range(len(fake_pred)):
        gen_loss.append(mse(tf.ones_like(fake_pred[i][-1]), fake_pred[i][-1]))

    return tf.reduce_mean(gen_loss)


def feature_matching_loss(real_pred, fake_pred):
    """Implements the feature matching loss.

    Args:
        real_pred: Tensor, output of the ground truth wave passed through the discriminator.
        fake_pred: Tensor, output of the generator prediction passed through the discriminator.

    Returns:
        Feature Matching Loss.
    """
    fm_loss = []
    for i in range(len(fake_pred)):
        for j in range(len(fake_pred[i]) - 1):
            fm_loss.append(mae(real_pred[i][j], fake_pred[i][j]))

    return tf.reduce_mean(fm_loss)


def discriminator_loss(real_pred, fake_pred):
    """Implements the discriminator loss.

    Args:
        real_pred: Tensor, output of the ground truth wave passed through the discriminator.
        fake_pred: Tensor, output of the generator prediction passed through the discriminator.

    Returns:
        Discriminator Loss.
    """
    real_loss, fake_loss = [], []
    for i in range(len(real_pred)):
        real_loss.append(mse(tf.ones_like(real_pred[i][-1]), real_pred[i][-1]))
        fake_loss.append(mse(tf.zeros_like(fake_pred[i][-1]), fake_pred[i][-1]))

    # Calculating the final discriminator loss after scaling
    disc_loss = tf.reduce_mean(real_loss) + tf.reduce_mean(fake_loss)
    return disc_loss

定义用于训练的 MelGAN 模型。此子类重写 train_step() 方法以实现训练逻辑。

class MelGAN(keras.Model):
    def __init__(self, generator, discriminator, **kwargs):
        """MelGAN trainer class

        Args:
            generator: keras.Model, Generator model
            discriminator: keras.Model, Discriminator model
        """
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self.generator = generator
        self.discriminator = discriminator

    def compile(
        self,
        gen_optimizer,
        disc_optimizer,
        generator_loss,
        feature_matching_loss,
        discriminator_loss,
    ):
        """MelGAN compile method.

        Args:
            gen_optimizer: keras.optimizer, optimizer to be used for training
            disc_optimizer: keras.optimizer, optimizer to be used for training
            generator_loss: callable, loss function for generator
            feature_matching_loss: callable, loss function for feature matching
            discriminator_loss: callable, loss function for discriminator
        """
        super().compile()

        # Optimizers
        self.gen_optimizer = gen_optimizer
        self.disc_optimizer = disc_optimizer

        # Losses
        self.generator_loss = generator_loss
        self.feature_matching_loss = feature_matching_loss
        self.discriminator_loss = discriminator_loss

        # Trackers
        self.gen_loss_tracker = keras.metrics.Mean(name="gen_loss")
        self.disc_loss_tracker = keras.metrics.Mean(name="disc_loss")

    def train_step(self, batch):
        x_batch_train, y_batch_train = batch

        with tf.GradientTape() as gen_tape, tf.GradientTape() as disc_tape:
            # Generating the audio wave
            gen_audio_wave = generator(x_batch_train, training=True)

            # Generating the features using the discriminator
            real_pred = discriminator(y_batch_train)
            fake_pred = discriminator(gen_audio_wave)

            # Calculating the generator losses
            gen_loss = generator_loss(real_pred, fake_pred)
            fm_loss = feature_matching_loss(real_pred, fake_pred)

            # Calculating final generator loss
            gen_fm_loss = gen_loss + 10 * fm_loss

            # Calculating the discriminator losses
            disc_loss = discriminator_loss(real_pred, fake_pred)

        # Calculating and applying the gradients for generator and discriminator
        grads_gen = gen_tape.gradient(gen_fm_loss, generator.trainable_weights)
        grads_disc = disc_tape.gradient(disc_loss, discriminator.trainable_weights)
        gen_optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(grads_gen, generator.trainable_weights))
        disc_optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(grads_disc, discriminator.trainable_weights))

        self.gen_loss_tracker.update_state(gen_fm_loss)
        self.disc_loss_tracker.update_state(disc_loss)

        return {
            "gen_loss": self.gen_loss_tracker.result(),
            "disc_loss": self.disc_loss_tracker.result(),
        }

训练

论文建议使用动态形状进行训练大约需要 40 万步（约 500 个 epoch）。对于此示例，我们仅运行一个 epoch（819 步）。更长的训练时间（大于 300 个 epoch）几乎肯定会提供更好的结果。

gen_optimizer = keras.optimizers.Adam(
    LEARNING_RATE_GEN, beta_1=0.5, beta_2=0.9, clipnorm=1
)
disc_optimizer = keras.optimizers.Adam(
    LEARNING_RATE_DISC, beta_1=0.5, beta_2=0.9, clipnorm=1
)

# Start training
generator = create_generator((None, 1))
discriminator = create_discriminator((None, 1))

mel_gan = MelGAN(generator, discriminator)
mel_gan.compile(
    gen_optimizer,
    disc_optimizer,
    generator_loss,
    feature_matching_loss,
    discriminator_loss,
)
mel_gan.fit(
    train_dataset.shuffle(200).batch(BATCH_SIZE).prefetch(tf.data.AUTOTUNE), epochs=1
)

819/819 [==============================] - 641s 696ms/step - gen_loss: 0.9761 - disc_loss: 0.9350

<keras.callbacks.History at 0x7f8f702fe050>

测试模型

训练好的模型现在可以用于实时文本转语音翻译任务。为了测试 MelGAN 推理的速度，让我们取一个样本音频梅尔频谱图并将其转换。请注意，实际模型管道将不包含 MelSpec 层，因此此层在推理期间将被禁用。推理输入将是类似于 MelSpec 层配置处理过的梅尔频谱图。

为了测试这一点，我们将创建一个随机均匀分布的张量来模拟推理管道的行为。

# Sampling a random tensor to mimic a batch of 128 spectrograms of shape [50, 80]
audio_sample = tf.random.uniform([128, 50, 80])

测量单个样本的推理速度。运行此代码，您可以看到在 K80 GPU 上，每个频谱图的平均推理时间介于 8 毫秒到 10 毫秒之间，这非常快。

pred = generator.predict(audio_sample, batch_size=32, verbose=1)

4/4 [==============================] - 5s 280ms/step

结论

MelGAN 是一种高效的频谱反演架构，其平均意见得分 (MOS) 为 3.61，远超 Griffin Lim 算法的 MOS（仅为 1.57）。与此相比，MelGAN 在文本转语音和语音增强任务中，在 LJSpeech 和 VCTK 数据集上与最先进的 WaveGlow 和 WaveNet 架构媲美 ^[1]。

本教程重点介绍了

使用随着滤波器大小增长的膨胀卷积的优点
实现自定义层以动态将音频波形转换为梅尔频谱图
使用特征匹配损失函数训练 GAN 生成器的有效性。